Hari Raya Festival

Hari Raya Festival Hari Raya Puasa will be praised by the muslims following one month of fasting. Me and family as a muslims, Hari Raya Puasa is an extraordinary fasting on the month from nourishments and beverages from Subuh until Maghrib . This celebration will be celebrate for month either. In Malaysia, we can see the muslims early arranged for the turning out to be unique day. They improve their home, purchasing new garments and making numerous kinds of food and treats for the exceptional day.The night before the unique day showed up, my family and I as common  a great deal of exercises happen same as the other celebration. I can see my folks and my grandma will caught up with making delectable food, while my younger sibling were having a good time playing fireworks with other relatives. The house  which is situated a long way from the town particularly, will be improved with ‘Pelita’ arrowed the house. ’Pelita’ is made up from bamboo stick really , however now individuals had designed another sort of ‘Pelita’ which is produced using plastic that is protected to used.The primary menu for muslims on Hari Raya are ketupats,lemang ,rendang and numerous kinds of bread. These food can be seen different people groups and family members houses. As a rule, there must be held by the muslims. Distinctive sort of races will visit their muslims neighbors house to celebrate together the exceptional day. Finally, I trust that Malaysian individuals can keep up that style. Each celebration have their own uncommonly. I likewise trust that from the coming years, Hari Raya Puasa will be commended additionally occurring as I’ve carried out my responsibility as an understudy. Amin.

Training in Banking Sector Essay Example for Free

Preparing in Banking Sector Essay Conceptual The motivation behind this investigation was to distinguish the preparation needs among workers of Public division bank. In the present unique business condition preparing has gotten essential. The greatest test of human asset supervisors is to prepare the representatives to deliver wanted outcomes. In the repeating procedure of preparing, preparing needs investigation is the initial step which examinations the territories where preparing is basic. Absolute 100 respondents reacted to the pre-tried poll, for which Cronbach’s Alpha was determined to affirm its unwavering quality, which brought about the score of 0. 860. The significant discoveries and assessment have been finished by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).The discoveries can be utilized to plan future competency based preparing programs. Watchwords: Performance, Skills, Training, Training needs. I. Presentation The financial area in the ongoing years has been experiencing extreme basic and hierarchical changes, all inclusive. The pattern towards globalization of monetary markets and administrations and deregulation of household banking frameworks has been the main impetuses behind the extraordinary change in this area. The Information innovation time has empowered improvement of new budgetary instruments, decentralization of work and dynamic obligations. The broad rivalry, more noteworthy interest for giving better item and administrations, dynamic business condition winning in the business banking division has expanded more interest from workers so as to meet the necessities the most importantly has presented basic difficulties for representatives and HR administrators specifically. Hence, preparing is not, at this point thought about an easygoing wonder or occasion for a chose not many; rather it should be a procedure of human asset advancement for satisfaction of characterized destinatio ns (Khandelwal, 1978). What's more, to accomplish the ideal outcomes change in the unique situation and instrument of preparing programs gets crucial (Lynton and Pareek, 1990).â€Å"Training† alludes to a methodical way to deal with learning and advancement to improve individual, group, and authoritative viable ness (Goldstein Ford 2002). Denby (2010) discloses that preparation assists with growing the extent of accessible aptitudes inside the workforce and improve mastery and includes upgrading the capacities of the group underpins maintenance. Each association endeavors to accomplish their targets, and in banking division the significant objectives incorporate augmenting reserves and improve the degree of administrations. What's more, the most attractive objective is to improve employee’ execution which brings about by and large authoritative execution. In current situation, to accomplish economical upper hand, continuing clients by conveying excellent assistance gets basic. To accomplish all the previously mentioned destinations preparing the bank workers gets imperative. Each preparation program begins with an examination of preparing needs. Distinguishing preparing necessities of workers is viewed as a basic prerequisite to structure a powerful preparing project and it likewise adds to the preparation technique of an association. II. Reason And Importance Of Identifying Training Needs In the phases of the efficient preparing cycle, Identifying preparing necessities and its investigation is the significant first stage and following phases of the cycle are preparing configuration, preparing conveyance and preparing assessment separately. Recognizing preparing needs should be painstakingly arranged, directed and have clear results to guarantee that preparation mediations are actualized successfully and that they lead to important changes in administration delivery(Gould D, Kelly D, White I, 2010). Preparing can be viewed as fruitful just it is actualized to match and supplement the business needs and targets. The evaluation starts with a necessities which can be recognized in a few different ways however is commonly depicted as a hole between what is presently set up and what is required, presently and later on. ). â€Å"The justification for building up a preparation program depends intensely on distinguishing preparing needs, and advocating the expenses and advantages to the association. Without an away from of necessities, preparing endeavors are, best case scenario haphazardly helpful or even under the least favorable conditions, futile. The coach might be effective and seen as such to the degree that requirements are deliberately surveyed, and programs created and completed that meet those needs† (Brown, 2002). Recognizing the preparation needs fill in as the way to cost adequacy, and it likewise fill in as significant piece of the turn of events and development of a business (Andy Taylor, 2009). Recognizing and Analyzing preparing needs is a piece of a progressing cyclic procedure (Andrew Knowles, 2009) and furthermore expresses that with away from of what is to be accomplished and some information on association itself, preparing needs investigation on staff can be performed inside the association to distinguish adapting needs. In an exceptionally late investigation Stanley (2010) states that regular kinds of necessities examination center around studies, gathering polls, information from administrators, watching and officially or casually talking with workers and breaking down employee’s execution tests and profitability reports. In this manner, looking over, meeting and testing the workers can assist with deciding the preparation needs and in this investigation we endeavor to distinguish preparing requirements of administrative staff representatives of open segment banks through a very much developed survey. III. Audit of Literature Human asset improvement is characterized as ‘the procedure of expanding the limit of the HR through turn of events. It is along these lines a star cess of enhancing people, association as a human system’ (Mclagan, 1989). In spite of the fact that all acts of work force the board brings about advancement of HR, yet to get ready qualified, adaptable, and solid and steady representatives preparing is considered as the focal movement (Bartel, 1994). Preparing, in such manner, is viewed as a particularly valuable among all human asset the executives rehearses for adapting to consistently expanding desires for different aspects of clients in retail banks. Noe (2009) states that preparation is an arranged exertion by an organization to encourage representatives learning of occupation related abilities. These abilities incorporate information, aptitude, or practices that are basic for fruitful employment execution. Donald Kirkpatrick (1994) old style model which has procured wide acknowledgment throughout the years recognizes four degree of preparing assessment; Level One †Reaction, Level Two †Learning, Level three †Behavior and Level Four †Result. The preparation framework contains sources of info, procedure and results (Ziderman, 1997). Preparing related changes should result in im-demonstrated occupation execution and other positive changes (e.g., obtaining of new abilities; Hill Lent 2006, Satterfield Hughes 2007) that fill in as predecessors of employment execution (Kraiger 2002). Leigh, et al., (2000) stresses that evaluating and dissecting preparing needs is significant in light of the fact that this assembles the establishment by distinguishing the sorts of HRD mediation required for a viable effort.â€Å"Analyzing preparing needs gives a concentration and bearing to the speculation an association needs to make in its people† (Bartram Gibson, 1994). â€Å"Many organizations face the possibility of squandering significant preparing financial plan since they don't have a clue how to precisely recognize what their inner needs are, and therefore can't structure the most reasonable preparing and improvement program† (Denby, 2010).Success of preparing relies upon uplifting demeanor of the workers about taking an interest in the preparation exercises (Noe Colquitt, 2002). Moreover, Reid (1986) states â€Å"The nature of preparing can be no better than the quality that the investigation permits† IV. Destinations of the investigation The examination goal of this investigation incorporates: * It gathers and examine the different perspectives communicated by bank representatives for preparing needs. * Identification of degree to which employee’s need preparing on specific variables. * Examination of the distinctions in preparing needs among male and female workers. V. Study Hypothesis H1: There is a relationship between the Number of preparing programs went to by workers and their view that investigative abilities require high level of significance from the part of preparing. H1: There is measurably noteworthy distinction between the length of administration of the respondents in the inclination towards preparing on cutting edge PC abilities, arranging aptitudes and unending aptitudes separately. VI. System A pre tried survey was directed to 100 open area bank workers of administrative evaluation in Chennai, Tamilnadu .The reaction got from the representatives through the poll were investigated utilizing basic rate examination, chi square test, one way ANOVA test and bury relationship examination. VII. Results and investigation In relations to the target of the investigation, inquiries in the poll were intended to perceive to what degree the representatives think the preparation program gave by the bank should concentrate on following variables ;Interpersonal aptitudes, Oral relational abilities, Written relational abilities, Public talking abilities, Mentoring aptitudes, Teaching/Training abilities, Supervising aptitudes, Initiative aptitudes, Negotiating abilities, Client administration abilities, Analytical/sensible reasoning abilities, Creativity, Decision making, Planning aptitudes, Administrative/Clerical aptitudes, budgetary aptitudes, Advanced Computer aptitudes, Technological abilities, Performing abilities, Perceptual aptitudes, Stress Management Skills. In the accompanying examination we use chi-square and one path ANOVA to demonstrate the figured theory referenced previously.

How Long-Term Memory Retrieval Works

How Long-Term Memory Retrieval Works Theories Cognitive Psychology Print How Long-Term Memory Retrieval Works By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by on February 04, 2020  Hero Images / Getty Images More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Once information has been encoded and stored in memory, it must be retrieved in order to be used. Memory retrieval is important in virtually every aspect of daily life, from remembering where you parked your car to learning new skills. There are many factors that can influence how memories are retrieved from long-term memory. Obviously, this process is not always perfect. In order to fully understand this process, it is important to learn more about exactly what retrieval is as well as the many factors that can impact how memories are retrieved. Memory Retrieval Basics So what exactly is retrieval? Simply put, it is a process of accessing stored memories. When you are taking an exam, you need to be able to retrieve learned information from your memory in order to answer the test questions. There are four basic ways in which information can be pulled from long-term memory. The type of retrieval cues that are available can have an impact on how information is retrieved. A retrieval cue is a clue or prompt that is used to trigger the retrieval of long-term memory. Recall: This type of memory retrieval involves being able to access the information without being cued. Answering a question on a fill-in-the-blank test is a good example of recall.Recollection: This type of memory retrieval involves reconstructing memory, often utilizing logical structures, partial memories, narratives or clues. For example, writing an answer on an essay exam often involves remembering bits of information and then restructuring the remaining information based on these partial memories.Recognition: This type of memory retrieval involves identifying information after experiencing it again. For example, taking a multiple-choice quiz requires that you recognize the correct answer out of a group of available answers.Relearning: This type of memory retrieval involves relearning information that has been previously learned. This often makes it easier to remember and retrieve information in the future and can improve the strength of memories. Problems With Memory Retrieval Of course, the retrieval process doesnt always work perfectly. Have you ever felt like you knew the answer to a question, but couldnt quite remember the information? This phenomenon is known as a tip of the tongue experience. You might feel certain that this information is stored somewhere in your memory, but you are unable to access and retrieve it. While a tip of the tongue experience may be irritating or even troubling, research has shown that these experiences are extremely common. Typically, they occur at least once each week for most younger individuals and two to four times per week for older adults. In many cases, people can even remember details such as the first letter that the word starts with. Retrieval failure is a common explanation for why we forget. The memories are there, we just cannot seem to access them. Why? In many cases, this is because we lack adequate retrieval cues to trigger the memory. In other instances, the pertinent information might never have been truly encoded into memory in the first place. One common example: try to draw the face of a penny from memory. The task can be surprisingly difficult, even though you probably have a very good idea of what a penny looks like. The reality is that you probably only really remember enough to distinguish pennies from other forms of currency. You can remember the size, color, and shape of the coin, but the information about what the front of the coin looks like is fuzzy at best because you probably never encoded that information into your memory. Even though memory retrieval is not flawless, there are things that you can do to improve your ability to remember information. 10 Facts About Memory You Should Know

American Civil War Year-By-Year Timeline

German SMS Abbreviations Explained and Translated

We used to be the kinds of people who vowed to never â€Å"butcher† the written language, be it German or English when it came to e-mailing and texting. That was a few years ago. Now, we must admit, having seen so many abbreviations, we have joined countless others, in typing at least the more common abbreviations. Germans, as you may have guessed, use some English SMS, but fortunately, German SMS abounds as well. Why not try to impress a German friend with some SMS German texting? Just be sure of thing - please don’t forget how the words really are spelled†¦ 8tung Achtung – watch outads alles deine Schuld – all your faultakla? alles klar? – everything o.k?aws auf Wiedersehen – good byebb bis bald – see you soonbda bis dann – till thenbidunowa? Bist du noch wach? – Are you still awake?braduhi? brauchst du Hilfe? – Do you need help?bs bis spà ¤ter – till laterdad denke an dich – thinking of youdiv danke im Voraus – thank you in advancedubido du bist doof – you are dumbff Fortsetzung folgt – to be continuedg grinsen - smirkgk Gruß und Kuss – hug and kissgn8 gute Nacht – good nighthdl hab dich Lieb – love youhegl herzlichen Glà ¼ckwunsch - congratulationsild ich liebe dich – I love youjon jetzt oder nie – now or neverlg liebe Grà ¼ÃƒÅ¸e – heartfelt regardsmamim a mail mir mal – e-mail memumidire muss mit dir reden – have to talk with youn8 Nacht - nightnfd nur fà ¼r dich - only for youpg Pech gehabt – bad luckrumian ruf mich an - call mesfh Schluss fà ¼r heute- enough for todaysiw soweit ich weiß- as far as I knowsz schreib zurà ¼ck – write backvlg viele Grà ¼ÃƒÅ¸evv viel Vergnà ¼gen – lots of funwamaduheu? was machst du heute? – What are you doing today?Waudi warte auf dich – wait for youWe Wochenende - weekend

Dot Net Principles and Concepts Free Essays

NET framework offers developers with an object oriented environment; it guarantees safe execution of the applications by performing required runtime validations. .NET framework combines unprecedented developer productivity with reliability in performance and powerful deployment. We will write a custom essay sample on Dot Net Principles and Concepts or any similar topic only for you Order Now .NET is a rapid application development and a comprehensive tool that is used effectively and widely for creating distributed applications, and as well as designing and developing web based and windows based applications. Interoperability in .Net: One of the prominent features of .Net framework is its support for language interoperability. The program should be developed using set of rules defined in Cross Language Specifications (CLS), such program can be used by other languages. But .Net does not support every program written in a language can be used by another language, it only supports for those program whose rules are defined in Cross Language Specifications. For instance we can develop a class in C# from class already developed in VB.Net. Moreover, .NET Common Language Runtime allows VB.Net program to handle an exception that is raised by a program written in C#. NET and COM interoperability feature provides a bridge between the .NET and COM and vice versa. .NET framework enables developers to save additional migration cost by describing how .NET components can communicate with existing COM components. There is no need to modify developed COM components into .NET components. NET Framework and the .NET Common Language Runtime enables the powerful communication with the old technologies and allow the integration of legacy code with new .NET components. Security in .Net: The enhanced security components in .NET frame makes our applications more secure and robust. Moreover, it can help the developers by minimizing the amount of code they need to write. Security implementation is a complicated task, and Microsoft has provided new security features to make the applications more secure and protected. Apart from the encapsulation and security functionality provided by the core of Windows operating system, .NET framework provides numerous additional and improved types such as public key cryptography, ASP.NET, Code Access Security Certificates and Certificate stores Public Key Cryptography Standard. .Net framework also provides object centric security; it allows the developers to control access to different types of objects. For example a developer can control the file system and the registry of systems that implement object centric security. Basically there are two types of security in .NET: Role Based Security, Code Access Security. Common Language Runtime security allows the developer to use Code Access Security. Code Access Security enforces security policies that prevent unauthorized access to protected resources and process. Moreover Code Access Security allows the developer to do the following: Restrict what your code can do, Restrict which code can call your code, and Identify code. For instance: By using Code Access Security defined in the Common   Language Runtime,   if a developer creates security policy that user cannot save the file on the hard disk. If user try to save any information on the hard disk, that security policy enforces the user and user cannot save the information. Stability and Maintenance in .Net: Usullay IT Project Managers faces budget over runs and missed deadlines,most of the time   risk management of the projects and completion of the projects under acceptable conditions is almost impossible. The main reason is due to lack of   stable   technologies and tools available in the market and used by different teams. The right answer to all of these issues is Microsoft .NET framework, because it is based on internet standards like XML and Web services and also due to the .NET framework ease of integration on the Windows operating system. As .Net framework is stable and projects typically finish ahead of schedule and under budget constraint. That gives it an edge over others, most of the risk managers depends on rapid and robust .Net tool to manage the financial impact of missed deadlines. For instance if two teams are developing same project on two different tools, first on VB.Net and second on Java and both are developing project for Windows platform. First team will complete project earlier than the second team, one of the main reason is .Net applications are more stable with Windows platform. One of the distinguishing features of .Net framework is that it is easy to deploy and maintain. Usually projects developed in .Net framework are easy to install on client machines and due to the supporting nature of .Net framework, projects are maintained by the programmers with no difficulty. For example code generation techniques using technologies such as XSLT are playing a significant role in software projects by providing the support to a rapidly maintainable code base. Works Cited Hallogram Publishing: from the World Wide Web: http://www.hallogram.com/webinputnet/webinputnet.html MSDN Home: The Microsoft Journal for Developers: http://msdn.microsoft.com How to cite Dot Net Principles and Concepts, Essay examples

Cats Essay Example For Students

Cats Essay T. Roosevelt (1858 19191) 26th President of the United States, (September 14, 1901to March 3, 1909Winslow Homer (1836-1910) was one of Americas greatest artists. Although he died in1910, his work is still very popular with collectors and museum visitors. Arthistorians continue to bring to light new information about Homer and new interpretations of his art. Harry K. Thaw (1871-1947) wrote The traitorStanford White was born into a life of wealth and privilege on November 9, 1853,joined Charles Follen McKim and William Rutherford Mead in founding McKim,Mead and White, which soon became the most prominent architectural firm in thecountry, He died in 1947 at the age of 76. Evelyn Nesbit (1884- 1906) at sixteen she was a model, actress and Gibson GirlMadison Square Garden sports arena located in New York City, one of the worldsmost known, holds over 50,000 peopleEmma Goldman (1869-1940) a major figure in the history of American radicalism andfeminism, an influential and well-known anarchist of her day, Goldman was anearly advocate of free speech, birth control, womens equality and independence,union organization, and the eight-hour work dayCharles Dana Gibson creator of the Gibson GirlHarry Houdini (1874 1926) was one the greatest magicians ever, created many newmagic tricks and defined the normal way of magicVaudeville a form of a Burlesque House in the early 1900sAfrican Safari the rich went there to hunt elephantsCommander Peary discoved the North Pole in 1906, first to claim it for AmericaEllis Island was the gateway through which more than 12 million immigrants passedbetween 1892 and 1954 in their search for freedom of speech and religion , and foreconomic opportunity in the United States. Because of its unique historicalimportance, it was declared part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument in1965Socialism the means of production are owned by the workers rather than by a richminority of capitalists or functionaries. Such a system of ownership is bothcollective and individual in natureHenry Frick One of Fricks best customers was Andrew Carnegie, the owner of a largesteel company. The two men became business partners. Carnegie purchased acontrolling interest in the Frick Coke Company and Frick obtained 11 per cent ofthe Carnegie Steel CompanyJacob Riis in the 1880s his work gravitated towards reform and he worked with otherNew York reformers then crusading for better living conditions for the thousandsof immigrants flocking to New York in search of new opportunities. His mostpopular work, How The Other Half LivesTammany Hall Tammany was a legendary Delaware chief, although he was not listed inofficial director ies of Roman Catholics honored with sainthoodThe Tombs Delmonicos a resturantTheodore Dreiser (1871-1945) American author, outstanding representative ofnaturalism, whose novels depict real-life subjects in a harsh lightSan Juan Hill Theodore Roosevelt was colonel of the Rough Riders (1st United StatesVolunteer Infantry) at the time of the Battles of Kettle and San Juan Hills. Herecorded his recollections of these actions in his book, The Rough Riders. For hisactions and leadership in this battle, he was nominated for a Congressional Medalof Honor, an honor denied him for political reasons (his efforts to get the troopsaway from disease-ravaged Cuba had embarassed the Secretary of War)400 Pierce Arrow Founded in1957, the Pierce-Arrow Society is dedicated to thepreservation of Pierce-Arrow Motor Cars and trucks, Pierce bicycles andmotorcycles, Pierce-Arrow Travelodge trailers, and the literature, artwork, andhistory associated with the Pierce-Arrow Motor Car Company. .u0519f7cb6bcb2941368ed739587358f9 , .u0519f7cb6bcb2941368ed739587358f9 .postImageUrl , .u0519f7cb6bcb2941368ed739587358f9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0519f7cb6bcb2941368ed739587358f9 , .u0519f7cb6bcb2941368ed739587358f9:hover , .u0519f7cb6bcb2941368ed739587358f9:visited , .u0519f7cb6bcb2941368ed739587358f9:active { border:0!important; } .u0519f7cb6bcb2941368ed739587358f9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0519f7cb6bcb2941368ed739587358f9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0519f7cb6bcb2941368ed739587358f9:active , .u0519f7cb6bcb2941368ed739587358f9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0519f7cb6bcb2941368ed739587358f9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0519f7cb6bcb2941368ed739587358f9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0519f7cb6bcb2941368ed739587358f9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0519f7cb6bcb2941368ed739587358f9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0519f7cb6bcb2941368ed739587358f9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0519f7cb6bcb2941368ed739587358f9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0519f7cb6bcb2941368ed739587358f9 .u0519f7cb6bcb2941368ed739587358f9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0519f7cb6bcb2941368ed739587358f9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Civilisations EssayBarnum ; Bailey Circus Some say it began on April 3, 1793, when John BillRicketts gave the first circus performance in Philadelphia. Still others say it beganon March 29, 1919, when the first performance of Ringling Bros. and Barnum ;Bailey was held in New York Citys Madison Square GardenGen. Tom Thumb The first public appearance of Tom Thumb in London occurred soonafter the arrival of the party there, at the Princesss Theatre. A short engagementonly had been made, but it was exceedingly successful. The spectators weredelightedMrs. Wm. Astor (1830-1892) : social aspirations of a gentlemanSigmund Frued Freud is recognised as the founder of psychoanaly sis. Al Jolson the master showman of American theatre, whose career spanned fifty years ofAmerican Music historyJung Institute in BostonConey Island in

A Days Wait Essay Essays - Ernest Hemingway,

Fadwa Kaddour Miss. Drum Period: 6 21 May 2014 Word Count: 685 A Days Wait Essay As humans, we have weaknesses. If a child gets ill, their parent or guardian should always be there to support and care for them. The story, A Days Wait by Ernest Hemingway demonstrate how a young boy of nine years referred as Schatz shockingly acquires a severe flu with a temperature of one hundred and two degrees. However his father easily gets persuaded by his son. He simply does whatever his son asks him to do when his son secretively needs his fathers support. The father doesnt provide his affection or support for his son. This is an unacceptable behavior as a non-effective parent. Schatz is a nine year old boy with a temperature of a hundred and two degrees fahrenheit and is miserably ill. His father described him to be, . . . shivering, his face was white, and he walked slowly as though it ached to move (Hemingway 2). This quote refers to how ill the boy was. Although, the father asks his son if he wants him to read to him. The boy gave an ambiguous answer, All right, if you want to (Hemingway 29) he replied. This references to how the father is trying to interact with his son, although, he keeps pushing his father by stating the most simple and ambiguous things. The father easily does as the boy commands. As if he expects his sons answer to be his own expectation and is looking for that answer. The boy secretively needs his father. The father shouldnt let his son control him and he should stick with him till his flu vamooses. Primarily, the father continues to easily move away from his sons issues. However, he should be stiffer about this situation. Although, the son has a completely different perspective than his father. As the son states, You dont have to stay in here with me, Papa, if it bothers you (Hemingway 42). The term it refers to death, the father on the other hand does not interpret it that way. He refers it as his sickness and that gives him an excuse to go on leaving without giving any support for his son. The son knows he needs his father but the son continues to show courage as the father rarely shows any of his affection towards his son. The young boy continues to act towards his dark ages as his father goes out and leaves him. Initially, as the boy Schatz continues to act through his period of depression, the father as well continues to not provide him any support for his illness. After he treats him with a pill, the father goes out on a hunt. The story doesnt specifically say why hes going on a hunt and it doesnt state any details about him hunting for dinner, I killed two covey and missed five, and started back pleased to have found a covey close to the house and happy there were so many left to find on another day (Hemingway 60). The father should never leave his son when he is ill especially when his son is only nine years of age. At the end of the story, the boy figures out that his temperature wasnt menacing and he finally releases all his emotions out from holding it in for too long, The next day it was very slack and he cried very easily at little things that were of no importance(Hemingway 103). As a result, all humans in this society have weaknesses. We need the support from our loved ones. We need to feel as if were being cared for and never be let go of. Never leave a person with a severe sickness alone for it will cause more stress to the person. Always support for those who are in distress. Even though Schatz spent most of his illness stage being alone and having no support (which caused him to be more stress and paranoid), he finally made it feeling alone. Support is always vigorous towards the sick person.

6 Things to Consider when Applying to Study in the U.S.

6 Things to Consider when Applying to Study in the U.S. 6 Things to Consider when Applying to Study in the U.S. The U.S. is the most popular destination for international students in the entire world. And why not? As well as a great higher education system, the U.S. is the home of freedom, equality and competitive eating (and we’re proud of all of them, for better or worse). God bless America! [Photo: Seattle Municipal Archives/wikimedia] But competition to study in the U.S. is high, so if you’re planning to apply, there are some things you’ll need to know about first. 1. Setting a Schedule Applying to study in the U.S. can be a lengthy process, so it’s vital to set aside time accordingly. It can help to create a timeline for each step in the application process, from initial research into courses right through to making travel arrangements for when you start your studies. 2. Admission Tests Most U.S. colleges use standardized admission tests, so you’ll need to check which tests are favored by the institution at which you’re planning to study. Common tests required for undergraduate students include the SAT, the TOEFL English proficiency test, and the American College Test (ACT). Make sure to prepare for the exam properly, too! 3. Soft Factors As well as test scores and academic qualifications, most American colleges look at â€Å"soft factors† when assessing an application. These include extracurricular activities, letters of recommendation, application essays and other relevant experience you might have. 4. The Common Application The Common Application (or Common App for short) is a standardized, online application used by more than 600 colleges. Using this can make the application process much simpler. 5. Finance Many U.S. colleges operate on a â€Å"need-aware† basis for international students. This is unlike the â€Å"need-blind† approach used for U.S. citizens (wherein a college will not consider ability to pay as part of an application and may offer financial aid to successful applicants). As an international student, you’ll need to check whether your college uses a â€Å"need-aware† or â€Å"need-blind† approach for applications. You may find the application process is quicker if you’re able to pay tuition fees yourself, without needing financial aid. Its funny how piles of cash can make things simpler. 6. Get In Touch! When picking a college, it’s a good idea to get in touch with their international student advisor to ask about the application process (every college is a little different). They should also be able to answer any questions you have about the institution at which they work.

Enrons Collapse and Ethical Framework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Enrons Collapse and Ethical Framework - Essay Example This essay discusses the collapse of Enron company, that presented the social scientists, media and business professionals with several other ethical issues that are prevailing in the business world. The collapse of Enron meant that many employees who were working really hard would also lose their job. The investors or the owners of the company were faced with the ethical dilemma of whether to hold on to the stock and lose their money or to support the company for the sake of hardworking employees who had nothing to do with these frauds. The increase in power of auditors was another source of concern. The Laws that were legislated in response to the corporate failure were a fair attempt to institutionalize the ethical behavior. The harsh laws were implemented for executives trying to mislead using wrong or far-fetched financial figures. It also increased the terms jail sentences for executives that were found to have been involved in any abuse of their power. Auditors can now blackma il the accountants or people working in finance and abuse their power. This will lead to further problem for the companies and create further ethical issues. Both of these issues are related to truthfulness. The employees who are being fair in their work are losing their job despite being truthful and that is something iron. Similarly, auditors require to be truthful the shareholder and the committee that oversees their work. If they are loyal to them then no ethical issues will occur from the increase in power of auditors.

Pros and cons of caffeinne Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pros and cons of caffeinne - Essay Example Research has shown that caffeine improves memory and decreases fatigue while improving mental and athletic performance (Doheny, 2006). Caffeine increases athletic stamina by enhancing glycogen, the body’s energy storage system, and mobilizes fat cells which allow the body to burn fuel more efficiently thus promoting endurance. Caffeine diminishes perceived effort while exercising. This has the psychological effect of increasing the degree of effort during exercise which burns additional calories (Gruenemay, 2006). This chemical action also suppresses appetite which leads to weight loss. Morning coffee drinkers know that caffeine increases alertness. It does this by stimulating brain activity. Caffeine is an addictive drug causing a dependence which leads to withdraw symptoms when discontinued (Doheny, 2006). Though caffeine increases energy, the dehydration that accompanies makes exercise especially unhealthy. Caffeine, a natural diuretic, relieves constipation by encouraging the intestine to contract which causes diarrhea and cramping. When over-used, all stimulants including caffeine can cause  insomnia, irritability and ‘the shakes.’ The weight loss associated with stimulants is offset by cream added to coffee or tea. Caffeine has been shown to initiate heart palpitations and should be strictly avoided if the user is at risk of heart disease or if the user is taking any prescription drug (Gruenemay, 2006).   Moderate amounts of caffeine will not cause heart disease, cancer or birth defects according to evidence compiled by the American Dietetic Association. Moderation is the key to enjoying products that contain caffeine without suffering ill effects but the operative word is moderation (â€Å"The Pros and Cons of Caffeine†,

K Means Clustering With Decision Tree Computer Science Essay

K Means Clustering With Decision Tree Computer Science Essay The K-means clustering data mining algorithm is commonly used to find the clusters due to its simplicity of implementation and fast execution. After applying the K-means clustering algorithm on a dataset, it is difficult for one to interpret and to extract required results from these clusters, until another data mining algorithm is not used. The Decision tree (ID3) is used for the interpretation of the clusters of the K-means algorithm because the ID3 is faster to use, easier to generate understandable rules and simpler to explain. In this research paper we integrate the K-means clustering algorithm with the Decision tree (ID3) algorithm into a one algorithm using intelligent agent, called Learning Intelligent Agent (LIAgent). This LIAgent capable of to do the classification and interpretation of the given dataset. For the visualization of the clusters 2D scattered graphs are drawn. Keywords: Classification, LIAgent, Interpretation, Visualization 1. Introduction The data mining algorithms are applied to discover hidden, new patterns and relations from the complex datasets. The uses of intelligent mobile agents in the data mining algorithms further boost their study. The term intelligent mobile agent is a combination of two different disciplines, the agent is created from Artificial Intelligence and code mobility is defined from the distributed systems. An agent is an object which has independent thread of control and can be initiated. The first step is the agent initialization. The agent will then start to operate and may stop and start again depending upon the environment and the tasks that it tried to accomplish. After the agent finished all the tasks that are required, it will end at its complete state. Table 1 elaborates the different states of an agent [1][2][3][4]. Table 1. States of an agent Name of Step Description Initialize Performs one-time setup activity. Start Start its job or task. Stop Stops its jobs or tasks after saving intermediate results. Complete Performs completion or termination activity. There is link between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Intelligent Agents (IA). The data mining is known as Machine Learning in Artificial Intelligence. Machine Learning deals with the development of techniques which allows the computer to learn. It is a method of creating computer programs by the analysis of the datasets. The agents must be able to learn to do classification, clustering and prediction using learning algorithms [5][6][7][8]. The remainder of this paper is organized as followos: Section 2 reviews the relevant data mining algoritms, namely the K-means clustering and the Decision tree (ID3). Section 3 is about the methodology; a hybrid integration of the data mining algorithms. In section 4 we discuss the results and dicussion. Finally section 5 presents the conclusion. 2. Overview of Data Mining Algorithms The K-means clustering data mining algorithm is used for the classification of a dataset by producing the clusters of that dataset. The K-means clustering algorithm is a kind of unsupervised learning of machine learning. The decision tree (ID3) data mining algorithm is used to interpret these clusters by producing the decision rules in if-then-else form. The decision tree (ID3) algorithm is a type of supervised learning of machine learning. Both of these algorithms are combined in one algorithm through intelligent agents, called Learning Intelligent Agent (LIAgent). In this section we will discuss both of these algorithms. 2.1. K-means clustering Algorithm The following steps explain the K-means clustering algorithm: Step 1: Enter the number of clusters and number of iterations, which are the required and basic inputs of the K-means clustering algorithm. Step 2: Compute the initial centroids by using the Range Method shown in equations 1 and 2. (1) (2) The initial centroid is C(ci, cj).Where: max X, max Y, min X and min Y represent maximum and minimum values of X and Y attributes respectively. k represents the number of clusters and i, j and n vary from 1 to k where k is an integer. In this way, we can calculate the initial centroids; this will be the starting point of the algorithm. The value (maxX minX) will provide the range of X attribute, similarly the value (maxY minY) will give the range of Y attribute. The value of n varies from 1 to k. The number of iterations should be small otherwise the time and space complexity will be very high and the value of initial centroids will also become very high and may be out of the range in the given dataset. This is a major drawback of the K-means clustering algorithm. Step 3: Calculate the distance using Euclideans distance formula in equation 3. On the basis of the distances, generate the partition by assigning each sample to the closest cluster. Euclidean Distance Formula: (3) Where d(xi, xj) is the distance between xi and xj. xi and xj are the attributes of a given object, where i and j vary from 1 to N where N is total number of attributes of a given object. i,j and N are integers. Step 4: Compute new cluster centers as centroids of the clusters, again compute the distances and generate the partition. Repeat this until the cluster memberships stabilizes [9][10]. The strengths and weaknesses of the K-means clustering algorithm are discussed in table 2. Table 2. Strengths and Weakness of the K-means clustering Algorithm Strengths Weaknesses Time complexity is O(nkl). Linear time complexity in the size of the dataset. It is easy to implement, it has the drawback of depending on the initial centre provided. Space complexity is O(k + n). If a distance measure does not exist, especially in multidimensional spaces, first define the distance, which is not always easy. It is an order-independent algorithm. It generates same partition of data irrespective of order of samples. The Results obtained from this clustering algorithm can be interpreted in different ways. Not applicable All clustering techniques do not address all the requirements adequately and concurrently. The following are areas but not limited to where the K-means clustering algorithm can be applied: Marketing: Finding groups of customers with similar behavior given large database of customer containing their profiles and past records. Biology: Classification of plants and animals given their features. Libraries: Book ordering. Insurance: Identifying groups of motor insurance policy holders with a high average claim cost; identifying frauds. City-planning: Identifying groups of houses according to their house type, value and geographically location. Earthquake studies: Clustering observed earthquake epicenters to identify dangerous zones. WWW: Document classification; clustering web log data to discover groups of similar access patterns. Medical Sciences: Classification of medicines; patient records according to their doses etc. [11][12]. 2.2. Decision Tree (ID3) Algorithm The decision tree (ID3) produces the decision rules as an output. The decision rules obtained from ID3 are in the form of if-then-else, which can be use for the decision support systems, classification and prediction. The decision rules are helpful to form an accurate, balanced picture of the risks and rewards that can result from a particular choice. The function of the decision tree (ID3) is shown in the figure 1. Figure 1. The Function of Decision Tree (ID3) algorithm The cluster is the input data for the decision tree (ID3) algorithm, which produces the decision rules for the cluster. The following steps explain the Decision Tree (ID3) algorithm: Step 1: Let S is a training set. If all instances in S are positive, then create YES node and halt. If all instances in S are negative, create a NO node and halt. Otherwise select a feature F with values v1,,vn and create a decision node. Step 2: Partition the training instances in S into subsets S1, S2, , Sn according to the values of V. Step 3: Apply the algorithm recursively to each of the sets Si [13][14]. Table 3 shows the strengths and weaknesses of ID3 algorithm. Table 3. Strengths and Weaknesses of Decision Tree (ID3) Algorithm Strengths Weaknesses It generates understandable rules. It is less appropriate for a continuous attribute. It performs classification without requiring much computation. It does not perform better in problems with many class and small number of training examples. It is suitable to handle both continuous and categorical variables. The growing of a decision tree is expensive in terms of computation because it sorts each node before finding the best split. It provides an indication for prediction or classification. It is suitable for a single field and does not treat well on non-rectangular regions. 3. Methodology We combine two different data mining algorithms namely the K-means clustering and Decision tree (ID3) into a one algorithm using intelligent agent called Learning Intelligent Agent (LIAgent). The Learning Intelligent Agent (LIAgent) is capable of clustering and interpretation of the given dataset. The clusters can also be visualized by using 2D scattered graphs. The architecture of this agent system is shown in figure 2. Figure 2. The Architecture of LIAgent System The LIAgent is a combination of two data mining algorithms, the one is the K-means clustering algorithm and the second is the Decision tree (ID3) algorithm. The K-means clustering algorithm produces the clusters of the given dataset which is the classification of that dataset and the Decision tree (ID3) will produce the decision rules for each cluster which are useful for the interpretation of these clusters. The user can access both the clusters and the decision rules from the LIAgent. This LIAgent is used for the classification and the interpretation of the given dataset. The clusters of the LIAgent are further used for visualization using 2D scattered graphs. Decision tree (ID3) is faster to use, easier to generate understandable rules and simpler to explain since any decision that is made can be understood by viewing path of decision. They also help to form an accurate, balanced picture of the risks and rewards that can result from a particular choice. The decision rules are obta ined in the form of if-then-else, which can be used for the decision support systems, classification and prediction. A medical dataset Diabetes is used in this research paper. This is a dataset/testbed of 790 records. The data of Diabetes dataset is pre-processed, called the data standardization. The interval scaled data is properly cleansed. The attributes of the dataset/testbed Diabetes are: Number of times pregnant (NTP)(min. age = 21, max. age = 81) Plasma glucose concentration a 2 hours in an oral glucose tolerance test (PGC) Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) (DBP) Triceps skin fold thickness (mm) (TSFT) 2-Hour serum insulin (m U/ml) (2HSHI) Body mass index (weight in kg/(height in m)^2) (BMI) Diabetes pedigree function (DPF) Age Class (whether diabetes is cat 1 or cat 2) [15]. We create the four vertical partitions of the dataset Diabetes, by selecting the proper number of attributes. This is illustrated in tables 4 to 7. Table 4. 1st Vertically partition of Diabetes Dataset NTP DPF Class 4 0.627 -ive 2 0.351 +ive 2 2.288 -ive Table 5. 2nd Vertically partition of Diabetes Dataset DBP AGE Class 72 50 -ive 66 31 +ive 64 33 -ive Table 6. 3rd Vertically partition of Diabetes Dataset TSFT BMI Class 35 33.6 -ive 29 28.1 +ive 0 43.1 -ive Table 7. 4th Vertically partition of Diabetes Dataset PGC 2HIS Class 148 0 -ive 85 94 +ive 185 168 -ive Each partitioned table is a dataset of 790 records; only 3 records are exemplary shown in each table. For the LIAgent, the number of clusters k is 4 and the number of iterations n in each case is 50 i.e. value of k =4 and value of n=50. The decision rules of each clusters is obtained. For the visualization of the results of these clusters, 2D scattered graphs are also drawn. 4. Results and Discussion The results of the LIAgent are discussed in this section. The LIAgent produces the two outputs, namely, the clusters and the decision rules for the given dataset. The total sixteen clusters are obtained for all four partitions, four clusters per partition. Not all the clusters are good for the classification, only the required and useful clusters are discussed for further information. The sixteen decision rules are also generated by LIAgent. We are presenting three decision rules of three different clusters. The number of decision rules varies from cluster to cluster; it depends upon the number of records in the cluster. The Decision Rules of the 4th partition of the dataset Diabetes: Rule: 1 if PGC = 165 then Class = Cat2 else Rule: 2 if PGC = 153 then Class = Cat2 else Rule: 3 if PGC = 157 then Class = Cat2 else Rule: 4 if PGC = 139 then Class = Cat2 else Rule: 5 if HIS = 545 then Class = Cat2 else Rule: 6 if HIS = 744 then Class = Cat2 else Class = Cat1 Only six decision rules are for the 4th partition of the dataset. It is easy for any one to take the decision and interpret the results of this cluster. The Decision Rules of the 1st partition of the dataset Diabetes: Rule: 1 if DPF = 1.32 then Class = Cat1 else Rule: 2 if DPF = 2.29 then Class = Cat1 else Rule: 3 if NTP = 2 then Class = Cat2 else Rule: 4 if DPF = 2.42 then Class = Cat1 else Rule: 5 if DPF = 2.14 then Class = Cat1 else Rule: 6 if DPF = 1.39 then Class = Cat1 else Rule: 7 if DPF = 1.29 then Class = Cat1 else Rule: 8 if DPF = 1.26 then Class = Cat1 else Class = Cat2 The eight decision rules are for the 1st partition of the dataset. The interpretation of the cluster is easy through the decision rules and it also helps to take the decision. The Decision Rules of the 3rd partition of the dataset Diabetes: Rule: 1 if BMI = 29.9 then Class = Cat1 else Rule: 2 if BMI = 32.9 then Class = Cat1 else Rule: 3 if TSFK = 23 then Rule: 4 if BMI = 25.5 then Class = Cat1 else Rule: 5 if BMI = 30.1 then Class = Cat1 else Rule: 6 if BMI = 28.4 then Class = Cat1 else Class = Cat2 else Rule: 7 if BMI = 22.9 then Class = Cat1 else Rule: 8 if BMI = 27.6 then Class = Cat1 else Rule: 9 if BMI = 29.7 then Class = Cat1 else Rule: 10 if BMI = 27.1 then Class = Cat1 else Rule: 11 if BMI = 25.8 then Class = Cat1 else Rule: 12 if BMI = 28.9 then Class = Cat1 else Rule: 13 if BMI = 23.4 then Class = Cat1 else Rule: 14 if BMI = 30.5 then Rule: 15 if TSFK = 18 then Class = Cat2 else Class = Cat1 else Rule: 16 if BMI = 26.6 then Rule: 17 if TSFK = 18 then Class = Cat2 else Class = Cat1 else Rule: 18 if BMI = 32 then Rule: 19 if TSFK = 15 then Class = Cat2 else Class = Cat1 else Rule: 20 if BMI = 31.6 then Class = Cat2 , Cat1 else Class = Cat2 The twenty decision rules are for the 3rd partition of the dataset. The number of rules for this cluster is higher than the other two clusters discussed. The visualization is important tool which provides the better understanding of the data and illustrates the relationship among the attributes of the data. For the visualization of the clusters 2D scattered graphs are drawn for all the clusters. We are presenting the four 2D scattered graphs of four different clusters of different partitions. Figure 3. 2D Scattered Graph between NTP and DPF attributes of Diabetes dataset The distance between NTP and DPF attributes of Diabetes dataset varies at the beginning of the graph but after some interval the distance becomes constant. Figure 4. 2D Scattered Graph between DBP and AGE attributes of Diabetes dataset There is a variable distance between DBP and AGE attributes of the dataset. It remains variable throughout this graph. Figure 5. 2D Scattered Graph between TSFT and BMI attributes of Diabetes dataset The graph shows almost constant distance between TSFT and BMI attributes of the dataset. It remains constant throughout the graph. Figure 6. 2D Scattered Graph between PGC and 2HIS attributes of Diabetes dataset There is a variable distance between PGC and 2HIS attributes of the dataset. But in the middle of this graph there is some constant distance between these attributes. The structure of this graph is similar to the graph of figure 5. 5. Conclusion It is not simple for all the users that they can interpret and extract the required results from these clusters, until some other data mining algorithms or other tools are not used. In this research paper we have tried to address the issue by integrating the K-means clustering algorithm with the Decision tree (ID3) algorithm. The choice of the ID3 is due to the decision rules in the form of if-then-else as an output, which are easy to understand and help to take the decision. It is a hybrid combination of supervised and unsupervised machine learning, using intelligent agent, called a LIAgent. The LIAgent is helpful in the classification and prediction of the given dataset. Furthermore, 2D scattered graphs of the clusters are drawn for the visualization.

Ernest Hemingway Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ernest Hemingway was one of the greatest writers of the century. He was born at the close of the old century but was able to see the Disorders of the new century. Hemingway was marvelous in bringing about his pictorial effects for his readers even in his drunken state. Hemingway was skilled in the way he presented the â€Å"real† and â€Å"concrete† to be the first essentials in his writing. He put life back on the page so that we could see the grim reality of the truth. Hemingway’s style brought minute details to the surface so that the readers would understand his meanings. In the stories that I have chosen the critics have analyzed the story. In this paper I intend to prove that Ernest Hemingways writing in â€Å"Soldiers Home† and â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† influenced American writing styles through Symbols, Themes and writing techniques.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In several of Hemingway’s short stories, he uses one or more animals as symbols around which the story revolves. As central symbols, Hemingway’s animals are the manifestations of the psychological states and emotional desire of the main characters in the stories. He uses the symbols to enable the reader to comprehend the often not stated psychological forces that motivates them. Hemingway’s use of symbolism is a contribution to the richness of his characters. It provides the reader with a vehicle through which they can associate. Without them the stories would lose much of their color and clarity. In the short story â€Å"Soldiers Home,† Majorie Smelstor said â€Å" the title of this story suggests a familiar American landmark and symbol, The soldier’s home, a place for retired military to live and relive their war experiencesâ€Å" In this tale, however, the soldier’s home is neither a haven for ex-soldiers nor an envir onment for reminiscing† (MaGill 2170). Another symbol is the lies that Kerb lives with every day. Marjorie Smelstor said â€Å"For the townspeople do not want to hear the truth about the atrocities of battle, preferring, instead, lies about the heroics of war† (MaGill 2170). Marjorie Smelstor said In the end of the story â€Å"Mrs. Kerb’s reasserts her maternal role, reminding her son that she held him next to her heart when he was a tiny baby, Reducing kerb’s to the juvenile lie:† â€Å"I know, mummy†¦ I’ll try and be a good boy for you† (MaGill 2171).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ... ...ise† is a cleansing drink. It has a seed that aids in expelling gas from the alimentary canal to relieve colic. Colic is a paroxysm of abdominal pain localized in a hollow organ. The American orders this drink for him and the girl. â€Å"This clearly shows you that the conflict and lack of communication between the two of them† (Passey 33). The answer is still unresolved and the girl must choose between the man and the baby. At the end of the story the reader is not sure of the girl's decision. Hemingway left the end of the story unresolved.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In his life time Ernest Hemingway enjoyed tremendous success as a writer. His ability to describe a story in detail was his best talent. On the two stories, Ernest showed his unique ability of story telling. Hemingway was very clever in using Symbols to bring his characters to life. Hemingway wrote many of war stories but was never a soldier. He just had the talent of looking at life and writing it down in a symbolic way. Most all the critics come up with the conclusion that Hemingway was truly talented. He influenced other American writers with his style, symbols, themes and technique.

Development of Axum and Meroe in Northeastern Africa Essay

66. Comparative Analysis: Compare the development of Axum and Meroe in northeastern Africa with the development of the Maya and of Teotihuacan in Mesoamerica. In both the development of Axum and Meroà « in northeastern Africa possessed the ores and fuels needed to produce iron on a large scale. They traded along the Nile River to Egypt, and their goods such as gold and ivory reached ports all along the Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Southern Africa, and quite possibly as far as India and China. Axum was a very powerful state. It controlled a huge number of ports, such as Adulis along the Red Sea coast, and it participated in the commerce of the Indian Ocean, where its export goods included ivory, slaves, and crystal. They also traded with Alexandrian Egypt, and eventually with Rome, Byzantium, and India. Teotihuacan was a powerful political, military, economic and cultural center that influenced the whole of Mesoamerica. Teotihuacan is one of the world’s oldest and most impressive archaeological sites. The wealth of Teotihuacan was based largely on the amount they had on the trade of obsidian, a coarse green glass occurring in volcanic rock. In common with the other Mesoamerican civilizations, the Maya had measured the length of the solar year to a high degree of accuracy. They produced extremely accurate astronomical observations; their charts of the movements of the moon and planets were used to predict eclipses and other celestial events such the time between conjunctions of Venus. The ancient Maya had diverse and sophisticated methods of food production. It was formerly believed that shifting cultivation agriculture provided most of their food but it is now thought that permanent raised fields, terracing, forest gardens, managed fallows, and wild harvesting were also crucial to supporting the large populations of the Classic period in some areas. 67. Historical Analysis: â€Å"While long-distance trade across Afro-Eurasia predates 500 C.E., it grew in importance between 500 and 1500 C.E.† What key developments make this statement true? In between 500 and 1500 C.E Afro-Eurasia’s trade increased and altered consumption patterns and encouraged peoples across the zone to specialize in producing particular goods for market rather than being self-sufficient. They followed religions such as Buddhism and Islam and it spread along the trade routes. During this period, there were a lot of epidemic diseases, and they spread along the trade routes. Some regions developed stronger states in part because of increased commerce along the trade networks. These regions were East Africa, West Africa, and Southeast Asia. There were also a lot of technological advances during this time. This included the development of larger ships and the magnetic compass in China. This also helped increase trade.

Sopwith Camel - Top World War I Fighter

The iconic Allied aircraft of World War I (1914-1918), the Sopwith Camel entered service in mid-1917 and helped the reclaim the skies over the Western Front from the Deutsche Luftstreitkrà ¤fte (Imperial German Air Service). An evolution of an earlier Sopwith fighter, the Camel mounted twin .30 cal. Vickers machine guns and was capable of around 113 mph in level flight. A difficult aircraft for novices to fly, its idiosyncrasies made it one of the most maneuverable aircraft on either side in the hands of an experienced pilot. These characteristics helped make it the most lethal Allied fighter of the war.   Design Development: Designed by Herbert Smith, the Sopwith Camel was a follow-on aircraft to the Sopwith Pup. A largely successful aircraft, the Pup had become outclassed by new German fighters, such as the Albatros D.III in early 1917. The result was a period known as Bloody April which saw Allied squadrons sustain heavy losses as their Pups, Nieuport 17s, and older aircraft were downed in large numbers by the Germans. Initially known as the Big Pup the Camel was initially powered by a 110 hp Clerget 9Z engine and featured a visually heavier fuselage than its predecessor. This was largely composed of fabric over a wooden frame with plywood panels around the cockpit and an aluminum engine cowling. Structurally, the aircraft featured a straight upper wing with a very pronounced dihedral on the lower wing. The new Camel was the first British fighter to utilize twin .30 cal. Vickers machine guns firing through the propeller. The metal fairing over the guns breeches, which was intended to keep the weapons from freezing at higher altitudes, formed a hump which led to the aircrafts name. A nickname, the term Camel was never officially adopted by the Royal Flying Corps. Handling Within in the fuselage, the engine, pilot, guns, and fuel were grouped within the first seven feet of the aircraft. This forward center of gravity, coupled with the significant gyroscopic effect of the rotary engine, made the aircraft difficult to fly particularly for novice aviators. This was a significant change from earlier Sopwith aircraft which had been considered fairly easy to fly. To facilitate the transition to the aircraft, two-seat trainer variants of the Camel were produced. The Sopwith Camel was known to climb in a left turn and dive in a right turn. Mishandling the aircraft often could lead to a dangerous spin. Also, the aircraft was known to be consistently tail heavy in level flight at low altitudes and required steady forward pressure on the control stick to maintain a steady altitude. While these handling characteristics challenged pilots, they also made the Camel extremely maneuverable and lethal in combat when flown by a skilled pilot such as Canadian ace William George Barker. Sopwith Camel - Specifications: General Length: 18 ft. 9 in.Wingspan: 26 ft. 11 in.Height: 8 ft. 6 in.Wing Area: 231 sq. ft.Empty Weight: 930 lbs.Crew: 1 Performance Power Plant: 1 Ãâ€" Clerget 9B 9-cylinder Rotary engine, 130 hpRange: 300 milesMax Speed: 113 mphCeiling: 21,000 ft. Armament Guns: 2 Ãâ€" .30 cal. Vickers machine guns Production Flying for the first time on December 22, 1916, with Sopwith test pilot Harry Hawker at the controls, the prototype Camel impressed and the design was further developed. Accepted into service by the Royal Flying Corps as the Sopwith Camel F.1, the majority of the production aircraft were powered by 130 hp Clerget 9B engine. The first order for the aircraft was issued by the War Office in May 1917. Subsequent orders saw the production run total around 5,490 aircraft. During its production, the Camel was fitted with a variety of engines including the 140 hp Clerget 9Bf, 110 hp Le Rhone 9J, 100 hp Gnome Monosoupape 9B-2, and 150 hp Bentley BR1. Operational History Arriving at the front in June 1917, the Camel debuted with No.4 Squadron Royal Naval Air Service and quickly showed its superiority over the best German fighters, including both the Albatros D.III and D.V. The aircraft next appeared with No. 70 Squadron RFC and ultimately would be flown by over fifty RFC squadrons. An agile dog fighter, the Camel, along with the Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5a and the French SPAD S.XIII, played a key role in reclaiming the skies over the Western Front for the Allies. In addition to British use, 143 Camels were purchased by the American Expeditionary Force and flown by several of its squadrons. The aircraft was also used by Belgian and Greek units. Other Uses In addition to service ashore, a navalized version of the Camel, the 2F.1, was developed for use by the Royal Navy. This aircraft featured a slightly shorter wingspan and replaced one of the Vickers machine guns with a .30 cal Lewis gun firing over the top wing. Experiments were also conducted in 1918 using 2F.1s as parasite fighters carried by British airships. Camels were also used as night fighters though with some modifications. As the muzzle-flash from the twin Vickers wrecked the pilots night vision, the Camel Comic night fighter possessed twin Lewis guns, firing incendiary ammunition, mounted on the upper wing. Flying against German Gotha bombers, the Comics cockpit was situated farther aft than the typical Camel to allow the pilot to more easily reload the Lewis guns. Later Service By mid-1918, the Camel was slowly becoming out-classed by new fighters arriving on the Western Front. Though it remained in frontline service due to development issues with its replacement, the Sopwith Snipe, the Camel was increasingly used in a ground support role. During the German Spring Offensives flights of Camels attacked German troops with devastating effect. On these missions the aircraft typically strafed enemy positions and dropped 25-lb. Cooper bombs. Replaced by the Snipe at the conclusion of World War I the Camel downed a minimum of 1,294 enemy aircraft making it the deadliest Allied fighter of the war. Following the war, the aircraft was retained by several nations including the United States, Poland, Belgium, and Greece. In the years after the war, the Camel became entrenched in pop culture through a variety of films and books about the air war over Europe. More recently, the Camel commonly appeared in the popular Peanuts cartoons as the favored plane of Snoopy during his imaginary battles with the Red Baron.